3/28/2023 0 Comments Using picktorial![]() In addition, it enables quantification of shunt ratios (Qp:Qs). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging enables anatomical and physiological assessment, ventricular function and volumetrics and three-dimensional multiphase angiographic techniques. Electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated cardiac CT allows low dose, detailed anatomical assessment with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. ![]() Diagnosis can be difficult, missed, or only made at late clinical presentation in adulthood.Īdvances in non-invasive, cross-sectional imaging have refined radiological evaluation. Patients can be asymptomatic or present with non-specific cardiorespiratory symptoms. There is a broad spectrum of pulmonary venous connections that deviate from the usual anatomical configuration and ranges from normal variant drainage to anomalous pulmonary-systemic communications, the latter arising from a failure of separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations in-utero. Finally, we discuss the implications in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. This pictorial review will illustrate embryology, normal and variant pulmonary vein anatomy, and varied patterns of APVD. Hence an imaging road map of these veins is crucial before any management can take place. Furthermore, pulmonary veins are an important site for arrhythmogenic foci and radiofrequency ablation of such sites is used in the treatment of refractory atrial fibrillation. Knowledge is hence vital as the imaging specialist is now usually the first person to make such a diagnosis. The pervasive application of CT combined with the relatively non-specific clinical presentation of APVD has resulted in the increased incidental detection of these anomalies. Its detection is critical due to the strong association with congenital heart disease as well as other cardiac and respiratory anomalies, which have significant implications for patient management. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and notably multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) have refined the usual imaging techniques.Īnomalous pulmonary venous drainage (APVD) is the drainage of one or more pulmonary veins outside the left atrium. That’s a fine way to start the new year.The imaging of pulmonary venous anatomy has traditionally been performed with echocardiography and catheter pulmonary angiography. This means you’ll get immediate access to all the goodies described above, and you’ll automatically get bumped up to the newest version the minute it’s released – for a little over $3 per month. If you’ve bought Picktorial in the past, I’d love to offer a lifetime discount of 33% on an annual Picktorial subscription if you upgrade by February 28th. Picktorial is more robust than ever, and it’s now available for purchase for $60 per year – that’s $5 per month, less than it costs to develop a roll of film. If you’ve never bought Picktorial before, now’s the time to do it. Moving to subscription enables us to continue releasing shiny new versions of Picktorial for many years to come. Picktorial 3.5 also has a new subscription-based business model. ![]()
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